Meiosis is the process by which a single diploid cell produces four haploid cells, each carrying one copy of each chromosome. In males, all four of these haploid cells become sperm, whereas, in ...

Cultural ecosystem services (ES) are consistently recognized but not yet adequately defined or integrated within the ES framework. A substantial body of models, methods, and data relevant to cultural ...

As early-career researchers, we are acutely aware that while behavioral science research typically focuses on Western populations, it aims to draw universal conclusions about human behavior. We were ...

As a signatory to the San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment, PNAS is invested in improving the evaluation of scholarly research outputs. We track a range of article and journal metrics, ...

PNAS is one of the world's most-cited and comprehensive multidisciplinary scientific journals, publishing more than 3,500 research papers annually. The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ...

PNAS publishes exceptional research in all branches of the biological, physical, and social sciences. In addition to research, PNAS publishes Front Matter, Perspectives, and more.

Large volumes of liquid water transiently existed on the surface of Mars more than 3 billion years ago. Much of this water is hypothesized to have been sequestered in the subsurface or lost to space.

The PNAS Editorial Board is made up of NAS members who are active scientists and experts in their fields. On submission, your paper is assigned to an Editorial Board member in one of the 31 NAS ...

Transportation, in its broadest sense, is an important task in many fields, including engineering, physics, biology, and economics, and a great deal is known about optimal and efficient strategies to ...

The National Academy of Sciences (NAS) publishes the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) as well as its open access sibling journal PNAS Nexus. PNAS was established in 1914 and is ...

The optical properties of microstructures on butterfly wings are well studied in the visible spectrum, providing an understanding of the origins of structural coloration. Meanwhile, there is a need ...